Animal Welfare Society Stellenbosch - Recently Updated Pages

I want a DOG

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 11:24:38 CDT

Here you find a selection of our dogs, currently at the kennel. If you are interested in adopting one of the below, please click here to contact us !
We also have a wide range of x-breed puppies at the kennels who are waiting to start their lives at a new warm home.

Animal Welfare Society Stellenbosch Home

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 11:17:19 CDT

There are more than 12 000 animals euthanized monthly in South Africa!

There are NOT enough homes.

Each female cat or dog can produce more than 4000 lives in

7 years

6 Puppies or kittens are born for every human baby

Homeless and hungry strays could be aggressive and carry disease

Repeated pregnancies cause unnecessary strain on the bitch and reduces her life expectancy

Unsterilised bitches face an increased risk of breast cancer each time she comes on heat

Uterine infection is common in unsterilised bitches

Sexually active males spray or mark territories, roam and jump fences to get to bitches on heat. They are more aggressive and prone to fighting each other

Dog used for dog fights

Unsterilised males are vulnerable to prostrate diseas and perianal hernias

Your pet’s personality will NOT change with sterilisation

Your pet will NOT become fat after sterilisation

Your pet’s growth will NOT become stunted

There are NO benefits to letting your pet have a first litter

THERE IS NO GOOD REASON TO BREED!

Help us curb the growing number of unwanted animals by supporting our sterilisation project. Help us bring down the number of senseless killings.

How about a kitten or a puppy???

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 09:28:16 CDT

GO BACK
GO TO ADULT CATS
GO TO ADULT DOGS

I want a CAT

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Sun, 22 Feb 2009 09:25:20 CST

GO BACK
GO TO KITTENS
GO TO DOGS

Here you find a selection of our cats, currently in the cattery. If you are interested in adopting one of the below, please click here to contact us !
We also have a wide range of kittens at the cattery, who are waiting to start their lives at a new love filled home.

ADOPT Me Please!

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Sun, 22 Feb 2009 08:03:59 CST

elter for many months now.

Events and News

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Sun, 22 Feb 2009 05:52:21 CST

There is a new Promotions Agency out there, SA.age (any looks)

EMail: SaHiGlo@safrica.com
45 16 336 to make a booking!

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

)

Gino´s will be holding a fun run event on wednesday. The distance is 10km and it is held in Coetzenburg. The entry fee will

How Can I Help?

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Sun, 15 Feb 2009 09:43:06 CST

Success Stories !

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Sat, 24 Jan 2009 13:44:18 CST

Even though the statistics show that still more animals are being euthanized than are being adopted each month, there are those little miracles happening. The stories below shall show you that there are those wonderful people out there who do the seemingly impossible and put their needs aside for once and go out of their ways to help an animal. Humans are so inrcredibly selfish ! The stories below show you those who aren´t.

A protective Angel for Chico

From a Township Puppy to a Cognac

Miracles of a Kayamandi Mama

After 3 months Whiskey was finally adopted!
(see photos in the Gallery)

From "Skinny" to big bellied Timmy

Please email your story to animalwelfare-stb@hotmail.com and include a few photos of your beloved pet!

From "Skinny" to big bellied Timmy

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Sat, 24 Jan 2009 13:43:15 CST

There is no abstract available for this page revision.

Diseases - How to recognize and what to do

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 09:35:35 CDT

BACK TO HOME

All information was obtained from
http://www.peteducation.com/category_summary.cfm?cat=1554

Infectious Diseases

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 09:13:48 CDT

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Dogs and puppies are susceptible to a variety of bacterial and viral infections, some of which can be fatal, but prevented by vaccinations. Learn more about the transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of these diseases.	Fungal infections in dogs and puppies include skin infections such as ringworm and deep fungal infections such as blastomycosis. The diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of fungal infections are discussed in the following articles.	Protozoa are one-celled organisms which can infect many organs of the body. Treatment of protozoal infections is often different from treatments of other parasitic infestations.
Brucellosis	Aspergillosis	Babesia canis: The Cause of Piroplasmosis
Coronavirus	Blastomycosis	Coccidia (Coccidiosis): A Cause of Diarrhea
Distemper	Coccidioidomycosis	Giardia (Giardia canis)
Ehrlichiosis	Cryptococcosis neoformans	Hepatozoon canis
Haemobartonellosis in Dogs	Histoplasmosis Infection	Leishmania donovani
Herpes Virus Infection	Malassezia Infections	Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
Infectious Canine Hepatitis	Pythiosis (Fungal Infection)	Trypanosoma cruzi
Infectious Enteritis	Ringworm
Infectious Tracheobronchitis: 'Kennel Cough'	Sporotrichosis (Fungal Infection)

Leptospirosis	Zygomycosis (Skin Disease)
Lyme Disease (Borreliosis)
Parvovirus
Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Rabies: Symptoms - Diagnosis - Treatment & Vaccination
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rotavirus
Staphylococcal Pyoderma
Tularemia (Rabbit Fever)

Mast Cell Tumors

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 07:24:37 CDT

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Mast Cell Tumors

Veterinary Services Department, Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc.

Canine mast cell tumors account for up to 20% of all skin tumors in dogs. While they often appear small and somewhat insignificant, they can be a very serious form of cancer in the dog. Some mast cell tumors are easily removed without the development of any further problems and others can lead to a life threatening disease. Proper identification and treatment are very important in controlling these tumors.

What are mast cells?
Mast cells are cells that normally occur in the skin and other tissues, such as the intestines and respiratory tract. They are part of the immune system (defense mechanism) of the body. They contain large amounts of histamine, heparin, and proteolytic enzymes (enzymes which break down protein). These can be toxic to foreign invaders, such as parasites, and are released when the mast cell is triggered by the immune system. A mast cell tumor is formed from many of these mast cells. Because of the histamine, heparin, and enzymes present in mast cell tumors, they can create problems when damaged or removed. Large amounts of these substances can be released into the body and have significant effects on heart rate, blood pressure, and other body functions. Sites where the tumors are removed can sometimes refuse to heal and can become difficult to manage.

Which dogs are at risk for developing mast cell tumors?
Mast cell tumors can develop in all ages and breeds of dogs. They are rare in cats and humans. There appears to be a hereditary factor to these tumors as shown by some strong breed predilections. They are most common in Boxers, Boston Terriers, Pugs, English Bulldogs, and other brachiocephalic breeds (those having a short, wide head). Golden Retrievers may also be at increased risk. Most mast cell tumors develop in older dogs, usually those 8.5 - 9.5 years of age. The exact cause of mast cell tumors is still speculative. A viral source has been mentioned, as well as hereditary and environmental factors. It is quite possible that there are a variety of different causes for the development of this tumor. Because this tumor is not found in humans, there has not been as much research and information available for the veterinarian as there are for tumors that are found in both humans and animals.

What are the symptoms of mast cell tumors?
The appearance of mast cell tumors can be widely variable. They can be either benign or malignant and can be found on any part of the body. They are found most commonly on the trunk, limbs, and perineal (genital) area. Tumors can be found on the skin or in the underlying or subcutaneous tissue. They can be single or multiple and can be smooth, bumpy, or even ulcerated. Systemic signs, such as vomiting, duodenal ulcers, blood in the stool, and abnormalities in blood clotting occur in some dogs with mast cell tumors. These signs result from the release of histamine, etc. from the active mast cell tumors.

How are mast cell tumors diagnosed?
Since they occur in a variety of shapes and locations, a biopsy or needle aspirate (collecting some tumor cells through a needle and examining them under the microscope) is necessary to properly identify a growth as a mast cell tumor. Mast cell tumors are commonly graded and staged, meaning classified as to how they are expected to behave. This is performed by examining the tumor after it has been removed. The grading and staging help determine what type of further treatment may be necessary and the prognosis. Grading Mast Cell Tumors Mast cell tumors are "graded" as to how likely they are to be malignant. The higher the grade, the more serious the tumor.

Grade I: Occur in the skin and are considered benign. Although they may be large and difficult to remove, they tend to not spread to other areas of the body. Most mast cell tumors are Grade I.
Grade II: Extend below the skin into the subcutaneous tissues. Their cells show some characteristics of malignancy and their response to treatment can be unpredictable.
Grade III: Invade areas deep below the skin, are very aggressive, and require more involved treatment.

Staging Mast Cell Tumors In addition to grading mast cell tumors, they are also staged, which is a measurement of how they have spread in the body. A tumor is staged after it is surgically removed and examined, along with the neighboring lymph nodes. Staging is based on how many tumors were present, the lymph node involvement, and if all of the tumor was removed.

Stage 0: One tumor in the skin incompletely removed, with no lymph node involvement.
Stage I: One tumor in the skin, with no lymph node involvement.
Stage II: One tumor in the skin with lymph node involvement
Stage III: Multiple large, deep skin tumors, with or without lymph node involvement
Stage IV: One or more tumors with metastasis in the skin with lymph node involvement. This stage is subdivided into those that have no other signs (substage a) and those that do have some other clinical signs (substage b).

How are mast cell tumors treated? In determining the appropriate therapy for mast cell tumors and their wide variety of forms, it is important to remember that each animal needs to be evaluated and treated individually. Surgical Removal Mast cell tumors are usually treated by surgical removal. This is the treatment of choice, and if performed correctly, will usually cure Grade I and Grade II tumors. It is important that the tumor is carefully removed and a large area of 'healthy' tissue around the tumor is also removed. It is sometimes difficult to determine exactly where the tumor begins and healthy tissue starts, so a wide margin (large portion of healthy tissue around the tumor, at least one inch) should be removed along with the tumor. Radiation In some cases, surgical removal may not be an option, or it may not be possible to remove enough margin around a tumor. In these instances, radiation is recommended. Radiation therapy after surgical removal appears to be beneficial and may reduce the incidence of reoccurrence and increase survival rates. Radiation is most useful when the tumors have not spread to multiple areas of the body. Chemotherapy If the mast cell tumors have spread to multiple areas, a combination of anti-cancer drugs are commonly used along with surgery and radiation. These include vinblastine, lomustine, and corticosteroids, such as prednisolone. Unfortunately, mast cell tumors do not respond well to chemotherapy. What is the prognosis for dogs with mast cell tumors? The prognosis depends primarily upon the grade and stage of the tumor. The lower the grade, the better prognosis. In addition, dogs with Stage I tumors have the best prognosis, compared to those staged higher. The location of the tumor also plays a role. Dogs with tumors on the limbs appear to have the best prognosis. Those with tumors in the nail bed, genital areas, muzzle, and mouth have a poorer prognosis. Dogs with mast cell tumors in the internal organs, such as the spleen or bone marrow, have the least favorable prognosis.

Conclusion
Mast cell tumors can present in a wide variety of ways and can have an equally varied set of symptoms and outcomes. Because it is difficult to diagnose a mast cell tumor by visual inspection, it is important that all suspicious-looking skin tumors be examined by a veterinarian and followed up with diagnostic testing and identification. Treatment consists of surgical removal and radiation, and possibly chemotherapy. As with all tumors, prompt recognition and treatment is very important in obtaining the best possible outcome.

References and Further Reading
Bonagura, J. Current Veterinary Therapy 12. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 1995. Chun, R. Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors: One of these is not like the other. Presented at the Western Veterinary Conference, 2004. Las Vegas, Nevada. Rogers, KS. Mast Cell Disease. In Ettinger, SJ; Feldman EC (eds.) Textbook of Veterinary Medicine. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 2005: 773-778. Piscopo, S. Canine Mast Cell Tumors. Veterinary Forum. June, 1999. Vail, D. Dealing with Canine Mast Cell Tumors. Veterinary Product News. December, 1999.

Mammary Cancer

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 07:22:31 CDT

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Mammary Cancer

Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc.

Mammary tumors are the most common tumors in female dogs who have not been spayed. Mammary tumors can be small, simple nodules or large, aggressive, metastatic growths. With early detection and prompt treatment, even some of the more serious tumors can be successfully treated. Cats also suffer from mammary tumors and they have their own unique set of problems that are discussed in a separate article.

Which dogs are at risk for developing mammary tumors?
Mammary tumors are more common in unspayed, middle-aged female dogs (those between 5 and 10 years of age), although they can, on rare occasions, be found in dogs as young as 2 years. These tumors are rare in dogs that were spayed under 2 years of age. Occasionally, mammary tumors will develop in male dogs and these are usually very aggressive and have a poor prognosis.

The risk of breast cancer is almost eliminated in dogs that are spayed before their first heat.

Spaying greatly reduces the chances of a female dog developing this condition. In those females spayed prior to their first heat cycle, breast cancer is very, very rare. The risk of malignant mammary tumors in dogs spayed prior to their first heat is 0.05%. It is 8% for dog spayed after one heat, and 26% in dogs spayed after their second heat.It is believed that the elimination or reduction of certain hormonal factors causes the lowering of incidence of the disease in dogs that have been spayed. These factors would probably be estrogen, progesterone, a similar hormone or possibly a combination of two or more of these.

What are the types of mammary tumors in dogs?
There are multiple types of mammary tumors in dogs. Approximately one-half of all mammary tumors in dogs are benign, and half are malignant. All mammary tumors should be identified through a biopsy and histopathology (microscopic examination of the tissue) to help in the treatment of that particular type of tumor. The most common benign form of canine mammary tumors is actually a mixture of several different types of cells. For a single tumor to possess more than one kind of cancerous cell is actually rare in many species. This combination cancer in the dog is called a 'benign mixed mammary tumor' and contains glandular and connective tissue. Other benign tumors include complex adenomas, fibroadenomas, duct papillomas, and simple adenomas. The malignant mammary tumors include: tubular adenocarcinomas, papillary adenocarcinomas, papillary cystic adenocarcinomas, solid carcinomas, anaplastic carcinomas, osteosarcomas, fibrosarcomas, and malignant mixed tumors.

What are the symptoms of mammary tumors?
Mammary tumors present as a solid mass or as multiple swellings. When tumors do arise in the mammary tissue, they are usually easy to detect by gently palpating the mammary glands. When tumors first appear they will feel like small pieces of pea gravel just under the skin. They are very hard and are difficult to move around under the skin. They can grow rapidly in a short period of time, doubling their size every month or so. The dog normally has five mammary glands, each with its own nipple, on both the right and left side of its lower abdomen. Although breast cancer can and does occur in all of the glands, it usually occurs most frequently in the 4th and 5th. In half of the cases, more than one growth is observed. Benign growths are often smooth, small and slow growing. Signs of malignant tumors include rapid growth, irregular shape, firm attachment to the skin or underlying tissue, bleeding, and ulceration. Occasionally tumors that have been small for a long period of time may suddenly grow quickly and aggressively, but this is the exception not the rule. It is very difficult to determine the type of tumor based on physical inspection. A biopsy or tumor removal and analysis are almost always needed to determine if the tumor is benign or malignant, and to identify what type it is. Tumors, which are more aggressive may metastasize and spread to the surrounding lymph nodes or to the lungs. A chest x-ray and physical inspection of the lymph nodes will often help in confirming this. Mammary cancer spreads to the rest of the body through the release of individual cancer cells from the various tumors into the lymphatics. The lymphatic system includes special vessels and lymph nodes. There are regional lymph nodes on both the right and left sides of the body under the front and rear legs. They are called the 'axillary' and 'inguinal' lymph nodes, respectively. Mammary glands 1, 2, and 3 drain and spread their tumor cells forward to axillary lymph nodes, while cells from 3, 4, and 5 spread to the inguinal ones. New tumors form at these sites and then release more cells that go to other organs such as the lungs, liver, or kidneys.

What is the treatment?
Surgical Removal: Upon finding any mass within the breast of a dog, surgical removal is recommended unless the patient is very old. If a surgery is done early in the course of this disease, the cancer can be totally eliminated in over 50% of the cases having a malignant form of cancer. The area excised depends on the judgment and preference of the practitioner. Some will only remove the mass itself. Others, taking into consideration how the cancer spreads, will remove the mass and the rest of the mammary tissue and lymph nodes that drain with the gland. For example, if a growth were detected in the number 2 gland on the left side, we would therefore remove glands, 1, 2, and 3 and the axillary lymph node on that side. If it were found in the number 4 gland on the right side, then glands 3, 4, 5, and the inguinal lymph node on that side would be completely removed. With some tumor types, especially sarcomas, complete removal is very difficult and many of these cases will have tumor regrowth at the site of the previously removed tumor. Owners may confuse a surgical removal of a mammary gland in the dog with a radical mastectomy in humans, with all of the associated problems. In humans, this type of surgery would affect the underlying muscle tissue which complicates the recovery. In the dog, however, all of the breast tissue and the related lymphatics are outside of the muscle layer, so we only need to cut through the skin and the mammary tissue. This makes the surgery much easier and recovery much faster. A radical mastectomy in a dog means all the breasts, the skin covering them, and the four lymph nodes are all removed at the same time. Although this is truly major surgery, suture removal usually occurs in 10 to 14 days with normal activity resuming at that point. Many veterinarians will spay a dog having a mastectomy (unless she is very old). The value of this in decreasing the recurrence of tumors is still controversial. Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy: Chemotherapy has not been a very successful nor widely used treatment for mammary tumors in dogs. However, with the constantly changing and improving drugs available, a veterinary oncologist should be consulted to find out if there is an effective drug available for your dog's particular type of mammary cancer. The effectiveness of radiation therapy has not been thoroughly researched. Some anti-hormonal drug regimens are being tested in dogs. At this point in time, surgical removal of the tumors is the treatment of choice.

How can I prevent mammary cancer in my dog?
There are few cancers that are as easily prevented as mammary cancer in dogs. There is a direct and well-documented link between the early spaying of female dogs and the reduction in the incidence in mammary cancer. Dogs spayed before coming into their first heat have an extremely small chance of ever developing mammary cancer. Dogs spayed after their first heat but before 2.5 years are at more risk, but less risk than that of dogs who were never spayed, or spayed later in life. We all know the huge benefits of spaying females at an early age, but every day, veterinarians still deal with this easily preventable disease. Early spaying is still one of the best things pet owners can do to improve the health and ensure a long life for their dogs. Conclusion Mammary cancer is a very common cancer and can often be successfully treated, if caught early. If all non-breeding dogs and cats were spayed before their first heat this disease could be almost completely eliminated. If you find a growth or lump in the mammary tissue of your dog, you should inform your veterinarian immediately and not take a "wait and see" attitude.

References and Further Reading
Bonagura, J. Current Veterinary Therapy 12. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 1995. Ettinger, S. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 1989. Rutteman, GR; Withrow, SJ; MacEwen, EG. Tumors of the mammary gland. In Withrow, SJ; MacEwen, EG (eds). Small Animal Clinical Oncology. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 2001455-477.

Lymphoma

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 07:21:37 CDT

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Lymphoma
Veterinary & Aquatic Services Department, Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc.

Lymphosarcoma is a common cancer of lymphocytes in dogs and can occur in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other organs. The cancer can be aggressive and if left untreated, can lead to a high mortality. Treatment with chemotherapy has been very successful adding months and occasionally years to the dog's life.

Which dogs are at risk for developing lymphomas?
Lymphomas primarily affect middle age to older dogs. There does not appear to be a breed or sex predilection. Only 10% to 20% of dogs are clinically ill at presentation, the majority are brought in because of recently identified swellings or lumps.

Why do dogs develop lymphoma?
While we understand how lymphomas form, we still do not understand why. In cats, there appears to be a strong link between some forms of lymphoma and infection with feline leukemia virus, however, in dogs such a link is not apparent. Some authors have speculated that environmental factors such as exposure to pesticides or strong magnetic fields increase the incidence, but there is currently no strong proof of this. At the same time, some authors have also hinted at a possible genetic correlation, but further studies need to be performed to determine the exact risk factors involved in canine lymphoma.

What are the symptoms of lymphoma?
The symptoms of lymphoma are related to the location of the tumor(s). Tumors that develop in the lymph nodes often present as swellings with no other symptoms. The gastrointestinal form often is accompanied with vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and lack of appetite. The mediastinal (chest) form often presents with shortness of breath and muffled heart sounds. The cutaneous (skin) form can present in several different ways including single or multiple lumps in the skin, or mouth. These bumps can itch or be red and ulcerated.

How is lymphoma diagnosed?
Lymphoma is diagnosed with a combination of diagnostic tests. Blood tests, fine needle aspirates of the tumor, biopsies, x-rays and ultrasound are all used to confirm the diagnosis of lymphoma. The exact tests performed will depend on the location of the tumor.

What is the treatment for lymphoma?
The treatment for lymphoma in the dog consists of chemotherapy. Lymphoma is considered a systemic disease, which makes surgery and radiation impractical and ineffective. There is a wide variety of chemotherapy protocols and drugs that are currently being used to treat lymphoma. The treatment usually consists of a combination of oral and injectable drugs given on a weekly basis. Some commonly used drugs include cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisone. The exact treatment protocol will vary depending on the practitioner. The University of Wisconsin protocol is one of the more popular ones used by veterinary oncologists. While most veterinarians can administer the treatment protocols, I always recommend that the owners of a dog with lymphoma initially seek out a consultation with a veterinary oncologist to inform themselves of any new treatment recommendations.

What is the long-term outlook for a dog with lymphoma?
Some owners choose not to treat dogs that develop lymphoma. The life expectancy of these untreated dogs averages 4 to 6 weeks. Oral prednisone therapy may reduce the swellings and discomfort, but probably will not appreciably extend their life span. It must also be noted that oral prednisone treatment prior to chemotherapy is not recommended and may actually reduce the effectiveness of the chemotherapy. In dogs that do undergo one of the recommended chemotherapy protocols, life expectancy can extend out to a year and occasionally longer. However, even dogs that receive appropriate chemotherapy usually do not live longer than a year. If a dog tolerates chemotherapy (most dogs do) their quality of life can be quite good during the treatment period. Treatment for lymphoma in the dog is considered one of the more successful cancer treatments and can often be performed by a local veterinarian without the need to travel long distances to veterinary schools or specialty clinics. I often remind clients that one year can be almost 10% of a dog's expected life span, so the remission rate and increased life expectancy with lymphoma treatment is often well worth it.

References and Further Reading
Bonagura, J; Kirk, R. Current Veterinary therapy 12. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 1995. Ettinger, S; Feldman, E. Veterinary Internal Medicine 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 2000. DVM, Villalobos A. Canine Lymphoma Treatment Options. Veterinary Practice News. December; 2000.

Testicular Tumors

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 07:19:49 CDT

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Testicular Tumors
Veterinary & Aquatic Services Department, Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc.

Testicular tumors are considered one of the most common tumors in older intact (unneutered) male dogs. The overall incidence in dogs is not very high because of the large number of dogs that are castrated. However, in intact male dogs these tumors are considered fairly common. The tumors are usually fairly easy to recognize and diagnose. Treatment consists of castration and is usually curative.

Which dogs are at risk to develop testicular tumors?
Testicular tumors are most common in intact (unneutered) older male dogs. However, they can occur in intact males of any age. There does not appear to be any breed predilection for this tumor. The current cause of testicular tumors is unknown. Dogs that have one or both testicles that are not descended (cryptorchid) are 13 times more likely to develop a tumor in the undescended testicle than dogs with normal testicles. Except for the increased risk of these tumors in cryptorchid dogs, no other risk factors are readily apparent.

Are there different types of testicular tumors?
There are three common types of testicular tumors: Sertoli cell tumors, seminomas, and interstitial cell tumors. While there are differences in the types of tumors, they are often treated similarly and are therefore commonly lumped together as testicular tumors.

What are the symptoms?
Sertoli cell tumors show symptoms of swelling of the testicular and scrotal area. If the dog is cryptorchid, the swelling will occur in the inguinal or abdominal area depending on the location of the testicle. Up to 50% of the Sertoli cell tumors will produce estrogen and the dog will suffer symptoms of hyperestrogenism. These include an enlarged prostate gland, enlarged mammary glands and nipples, symmetrical hair loss, anemia, and the tendency to attract other male dogs. Sertoli cell tumors may metastasize to the abdomen, lung, thymus, and brain, however, this occurs in less than 15% of the cases. Seminomas will also appear as swellings of the testicle, scrotum, and inguinal or abdominal area. Seminomas produce estrogen or metastasize in less than 5% of the reported cases. Interstitial cell tumors show very few symptoms and do not produce estrogen or metastasize. They are usually incidental findings and not considered to be much of a problem.

How are testicular tumors diagnosed?
Diagnosis is based on history, presentation, and pathological identification through a biopsy or microscopic examination of the removed tumor. Dogs suspected of a testicular tumor should also have abdominal and chest x-rays to check for metastasis as well as a chemistry panel and a blood count (CBC). What is the treatment for testicular tumors? Treatment usually consists of surgical castration. Because of the success of testicular removal and the low rate of metastasis, castration is often the only treatment needed. Some dogs have been treated successfully with chemotherapy and in dogs that have metastasis, chemotherapy is sometimes recommended.

What is the prognosis for dogs that develop testicular tumors?
The prognosis for dogs with treated testicular cancer is usually very good. The low rate of metastasis makes surgical castration very successful and curative in most dogs. Dogs that develop hyperestrogenism from Sertoli cell tumors will often have a regression of symptoms, once the tumor has been removed. In severe hyperestrogenism that results in anemia, some animals may require transfusions and more aggressive treatment. The prognosis for testicular tumors that have metastasized is more guarded and the outcome varies widely depending on location, type, and treatment.

How can testicular tumors be prevented?

Testicular cancer is easily prevented, and with good castration policies could be virtually eliminated from the canine population.

Testicular tumors are easily prevented through routine castration of male dogs. Castration in young dogs prevents aggression, roaming, urine marking, and a variety of other unwanted male behaviors. The surgery is safe and relatively inexpensive, and in the long run saves the owner money. Dogs that are used for breeding can be castrated when they are no longer used for breeding. Dogs that are cryptorchid should always be castrated and the owner should insist that both testicles be removed. Since cryptorchidism is considered to be an inherited trait, cryptorchid dogs should never be used for breeding. Because the retained testicle is 13 times more likely to develop a tumor, it should always be removed.

Osteosarcoma (Bone Cancer)

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 07:18:45 CDT

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Osteosarcoma (Bone Cancer)
Veterinary & Aquatic Services Department, Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc.

Osteosarcomas account for only 5% of all canine tumors, but 80-90% of malignancies involving the bone. Much more common in large breed dogs, osteosarcoma is an aggressive cancer of the bone that often requires amputation of the affected limb coupled with chemotherapy to provide temporary relief from this aggressive disease.

Which dogs are at risk for developing osteosarcomas?
Osteosarcomas generally affect older large or giant breed dogs. The giant breeds at greatest risk for developing osteosarcoma include Great Danes, Saint Bernards, Great Pyrenees, Newfoundlands, Bernese Mountain Dogs, and Irish Wolfhounds. Large breeds such as Rottweilers, Labradors, Golden Retrievers, Shepherds, Dobermans, Weimaraners, and Boxers are also at an increased risk. It is not a very common tumor in small breed dogs and rarely occurs in cats. Dogs that weigh over 80 pounds have been shown to be at least 60 times more likely to develop an osteosarcoma than dogs weighing less than 75 pounds. While older dogs more commonly develop osteosarcomas, there does appear to be an increased incidence in one to two year old dogs as well. Male dogs have an increased incidence of osteosarcomas. It is unknown why some dogs develop osteosarcomas, but one theory suggests that the rapidly growing cells found at the growth plates in the bones are genetically at a greater risk of mutation. Another theory is that the tumors develop at the site of trauma. The increased cellular activity at the site of a fracture or trauma could result in the development of cancer cells. The reality is that both of these may be true and there may be other causes not yet discovered.

What are the symptoms of osteosarcomas?
The symptoms of osteosarcomas are often closely associated with their location. Most osteosarcomas develop on the limbs of dogs below the elbow or near the knee. The tumors usually form at or near the growth plates. Affected dogs will often have a pronounced bone swelling. X-rays often reveal a characteristic bone pattern that, coupled with history and breed, may indicate the development of an osteosarcoma. These tumors often produce pain in the joint that can first be detected as lameness in the affected limb. Up to 90% of these tumors will have metastasis to the lungs at the time of diagnosis, but because of the small initial size of the metastases, less than 10% will initially show up on a chest x-ray. Because of this high incidence of metastasis, all dogs with osteosarcomas are treated as if they have metastasis to the lungs regardless of the findings on the initial lung x-rays. Osteosarcomas will occasionally show up at different locations and likewise other tumor types can initially appear to be an osteosarcoma. Because of this possibility, a biopsy is always recommended. Fungal bone infections can produce similar symptoms and appearance on an x-ray, so a fungal culture is often performed to help clarify the diagnosis.

What is the treatment for osteosarcoma?
Osteosarcoma is an aggressive, highly metastatic cancer that requires an aggressive treatment protocol. Once the tumor has been positively identified as an osteosarcoma, the affected limb is usually amputated. In rare cases where the tumor is in the right location, some limb-sparing surgeries have been performed, but that is not usually the case. After the amputation, a course of chemotherapy is usually begun. The most successful drugs have been carboplatin and cisplatin. Carboplatin is more expensive, but safer and easier to administer. Doxorubicin is sometimes used as well. A qualified veterinary oncologist is often the best source of information and he or she will be aware of the newest chemotherapy protocols. The life expectancy of a dog with a properly identified and treated osteosarcoma varies greatly, but can approach a year or longer.

Is osteosarcoma preventable?
It does not appear that osteosarcoma is preventable. Because of some strong breed correlations, any breed line that has a history of osteosarcoma should be examined closely prior to breeding. Unfortunately, we do not completely understand the cause of osteosarcoma, but hopefully as our knowledge improves, we can continue to provide more effective treatments and early diagnostic tests.

References and Further Reading
Ettinger, S. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 1989. Garrett, L. Update on Canine Appendicular Osteosarcoma. Veterinary Practice News. February; 2000. Villalobos, A. Osteosarcomas in the Clinical Setting. Veterinary Practice News. April; 2000. Villalobos, A. Managing Osteosarcoma in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Practice News. June; 2000.

Radiation Therapy

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 07:17:10 CDT

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Radiation Therapy
Holly Nash, DVM, MS
Veterinary Services Department, Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc.

In veterinary medicine, radiation therapy was first attempted at the beginning of the twentieth century. During the last 50 years, large advances have been made. The use of histopathology, MRI, and CAT scans has resulted in accurate diagnosis of the type and location of tumors. New technology has increased the effectiveness and decreased the side effects and risks of radiation therapy.

Under what conditions is radiation therapy used? Radiation therapy can be used in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy to provide permanent control or death of a tumor. It is used for tumors that have not spread to other sites in the body and offers a potential cure for some localized tumors. In other cases, radiation therapy can be used for its palliative effect (relieving the signs of disease). Even if the tumor can not be destroyed, at least shrinking the tumor may improve the quality of life of the animal by reducing pressure, bleeding, or pain.
Which tumors are commonly treated with radiation therapy? Oral tumors and tumors within the nasal cavity often respond well to radiation therapy. Brain tumors have been successfully treated, as have small skin tumors, including some mast cell tumors and squamous cell carcinomas. Lymphoma in both cats and dogs has responded to radiation therapy, and it is often used in conjunction with chemotherapy. The management of bone tumors, including osteosarcoma, has used radiation therapy as part of the regimen. In considering good candidates for radiation therapy, issues that must be included in the decision-making process include:

The owner's wishes, commitment, time, and financial resources
The pet's overall health and presence of any other disease conditions
The probability of control of the tumor, which must take into account its size, type, location, and any metastasis
Availability of other treatments, e.g.; surgery, chemotherapy
Predicted outcome of radiation and other treatments in relation to cosmetic effects and function

How does radiation therapy work? Using radiation therapy, beams of photons, electrons, or gamma rays are focused on the tumor. When the photon, electron, or wave hits the nucleus of a cell, it alters it, destroying the ability of the cell to divide and grow. The slower growth rate and ultimate death of the cancer cells causes the tumor to shrink over time. Radiation affects both normal and cancer cells, but the radiation treatment is designed to produce the maximum effect on the tumor and minimize the effect on normal tissue. What are the types of radiation therapy? There are many types of radiation therapy. Some radioactive particles can be injected into the body and localize in specific tissues. Radiation therapy using iodine, which collects in the thyroid gland, has been used to treat thyroid disease, such as hyperthyroidism in cats. "Brachytherapy" is the term used to describe the radiation therapy that is administered through radioactive implants. Implants of iridium-192 are the most commonly used. Radioactive wire containing iridium-192 can be placed using a large needle, or through minor surgery. This type of therapy has been used to treat nasal tumors in dogs and fibrosarcomas in cats. Beams of radiation are the type of therapy most people are familiar with. A linear accelerator can be programmed to produce varying levels of photon or electron beams that are focused on a certain area on or within the body. Large orthovoltage machines, which are very large x-ray machines, form beams of electrons. Cobalt-60 machines produce gamma electromagnetic waves. These beams, or waves, are focused on the tumor, and when the actual burst of radiation therapy is over, no radioactivity remains in the body.
How is beam radiation therapy administered? During the treatment, the animal will need to be anesthetized because he cannot move during the procedure. During the first session, the animal is placed on the table. Using radiographs (x-rays), MRIs, and CAT scans, the exact location of the tumor is located. Using mathematical formulas and mapping techniques, the machine is programmed and positioned to focus the beam on the tumor. Various points on the animal's skin may be marked to provide "landmarks" for subsequent treatments. This machine setup usually requires 30-60 minutes. The actual treatment time during the following sessions is very short, and the animal is usually anesthetized for only 10-15 minutes.
How often is radiation therapy administered? When administered with curative intent, radiation therapy is given in small fractions over 2-5 weeks, depending on the size and location of the cancer, the pet's general health, and the type of cancer they have. For palliative effects, radiation therapy is given in large fractions, usually once weekly for three weeks.
What are the risks and side effects of radiation therapy? Severe toxic effects of radiation therapy in pet animals are rare, and occur in less than 5% of the animals treated. Because the radiation affects all cells, some normal cells with be killed. Side effects of radiation therapy occur more often with curative attempts, and can be categorized into acute and chronic problems. Acute injuries begin during or shortly after the completion of therapy. They arise in tissues within the radiation therapy field that are growing and dividing rapidly. The most common acute effects are skin problems that mimic a severe sunburn, which sometimes causes the animal to scratch. Since the scratching will further traumatize the skin, medications may be prescribed to reduce the itchiness. Hair loss often occurs at the area where the beam penetrates and leaves the body. The hair will grow back with time, but may be darker or lighter. Oral and nasal tumors may develop a foul odor as they die. Chronic side effects arise from damage to tissues that slowly replace old, dying, or damaged cells (i.e., bone, retina, brain). Because these cells reproduce slowly, it takes a longer period of time for them to be replaced. Clinical syndromes such as the formation of bony sequestra, retinal lesions, and neurologic signs may appear, depending upon the area of the body being treated. If the eye is near the radiation field, a loss of tears (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) or vision may occur. Chronic side effects are dose limiting, meaning the dose of radiation may need to be limited if chronic side effects are observed. Veterinary radiation therapy protocols are designed to minimize long-term problems. There is always a slight risk associated with general anesthesia, but the pet is monitored carefully while it is anesthetized, and the duration of anesthesia is generally short. Prior to radiation therapy, each animal is assessed through laboratory tests and a physical examination. Radiation therapy in pets usually does NOT cause systemic side effects (tiredness, loss of appetite, nausea). How much does radiation therapy cost? Depending on the type and number of treatments, radiation therapy may cost $900 - $3,500. The cost is a result of the expensive and complex equipment needed, anesthetic and laboratory costs, and the expertise of the many veterinary health care professionals involved.

References and Further Reading
Burk, RL; King, GK. Radiation Oncology. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA. July 1997. LaRue, SM; Gillette, EL. Radiation therapy. In Withrow, SJ; Macewen, EG (eds.) Small Animal Clinical Oncology. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA. 2001 Kansas State University Press Release: Pet Health News. CT, MRI and radiation therapy. June 2002. Stachewicz, S. Manager, Radiation Oncology, Marshfield Clinic, Lakeland Center, Minocqua, WI. Personal communication. July 2002. University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine. Radiation therapy. http://vmthpub.vetmed.wisc.edu/hosp_services/rt/default.htm.

Cancer in Dogs - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 07:10:30 CDT

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Hemangiosarcomas	Histiocytoma	Lymphoma	Mammary Cancer
Mast Cell Tumors	Osteosarcoma (Bone Cancer)	Testicular Tumors	Radiation Therapy

Commandments of Cancer Care
Veterinary & Aquatic Services Department, Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc.

After working with hundreds of pets with cancer, and their owners, Dr. Kathy Mitchener, a veterinary oncologist, has identified three commandments of Cancer Care that are essential in maintaining the quality of life and human-animal bond. Dr. Mitchener has found these commandments will help build an atmosphere of hope for both the pet and pet owner.

Commandment One
Do Not Let Them Hurt: Comprehensive pain management is critical to the quality and longevity of life for cancer patients. Research has shown that once an animal is in pain, there is magnification of the pain response. The goal then is to prevent pain, not try to alleviate it once it occurs. Local anesthesia may be helpful in those animals that have localized pain. Pain-relieving medications can be used, including fentanyl patches, which are applied to the skin and slowly release the active ingredient. Oral pain relievers can be of benefit, especially if the pain is mild. If an animal is undergoing surgery, the pain medication should start while the animal is still anesthetized, so as the animal wakes up, the pain reliever is already working. Proper care of the animal also helps in pain management. The animal should be handled gently. Use orthopedic beds and other devices to make the animal more comfortable and decrease the risk of painful secondary problems such as "bed sores."

Commandment Two
Do Not Let Them Vomit: Nausea and vomiting are actually uncommon problems for animals undergoing chemotherapy. If either one becomes a problem, however, it needs to be managed swiftly. Vomiting animals can quickly become dehydrated and develop electrolyte imbalances. Nauseated and vomiting animals will generally not eat, which brings us to the Third Commandment.

Commandment Three
Do Not Let Them Starve: This is perhaps the most vital of the three. If an animal will not eat, but has a functioning digestive tract, enteral dietary therapy should be used. The first step is to increase the appetite. This may be accomplished by warming the food: serving palatable, aromatic foods; and feeding in a stress-free environment. Medications that stimulate the appetite, such as diazepam (Valium) and cyproheptadine may be used. If the animal will not eat on his own, a "stomach tube" may be used. Depending upon the animal, the tube may be inserted through the nose and then into the stomach or intestine; or the tube may be placed through an incision in the skin into the esophagus or stomach. The diet of the animal will need to be tailored individually. The correct diet may not only limit weight loss, but also improve the response to chemotherapy, and decrease the adverse effects of radiation therapy. In general, the diet should:

Limit the amount of simple carbohydrates
Contain moderate amounts of highly digestible protein, with possible supplementation of certain amino acids including glutamine, cystine, and arginine
Include moderate to relatively high amounts of omega-3 fatty acids

In providing care for pets with cancer, the medical management of the cancer is only one part of the goal. Other needs of the pet and owner need to be met to achieve the quality of life they want and deserve.

Your Pet - Behaviour, Training, Safety

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Sun, 15 Jun 2008 11:29:10 CDT

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http://www.perfectpaws.com/

Histiocytoma

AnimalWelfare-Stb — Sun, 15 Jun 2008 10:32:41 CDT

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Histiocytoma
Veterinary & Aquatic Services Department, Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc.

Histiocytomas can affect dogs of any age. They can appear on any location on the body, however, the vast majority of histiocytomas appear on the head. Histiocytomas usually occur on dogs under three years of age; histiocytomas are one of the most common tumors in this age group. The breed or sex of the dog does not appear to influence their development. These tumors appear rapidly and are small, round, and hairless. They will often ulcerate and then become smaller and go away. They usually appear as a solitary mass, but more than one may be present at a time. These tumors are benign and are not considered to be a health risk. Treatment often involves just letting the tumor run its course. Histiocytomas can be surgically removed, if they are bothering the dog and are in a location where the removal will allow for closure of the skin. They can also be treated with topical steroids and antibiotics if they ulcerate, become inflamed, or infected. However, most dogs never receive nor require any treatment intervention. If you see a small tumor that develops on your dog make sure to have it examined by your veterinarian.

References and Further Reading
Bonagura, J; Kirk, R. Current Veterinary Therapy 12. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 1995. Ettinger, S; Feldman, E. Veterinary Internal Medicine 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 2000.

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